Should Cloning Be Beneficial - 784 Words

In addition, there are individuals who approve of the idea of cloning and do not have a problem with â€Å"making life† identical to what already exists. These individuals argue that cloning can and should be used for medical purposes, and can also provide nations with accessible clones to do â€Å"dirty jobs† or participate in the military forces in order to benefit the country. Others decide that cloning is justifiable in order to replace a deceased child or pet or to even enable infertile couples to have children. While many people agree that cloning can be beneficial, I argue the idea that they may be ignoring one huge key factor – this act is a violation of nature. To be a human, one must have the qualities of a human, which include emotions and unique personal thoughts. Will a clone have their own unique distinguishable thoughts as well? The process and implementation of cloning removes our individuality and God-given abilities as humans. The idea of creati ng a completely separate entity, a living, breathing entity not created by the Creator is in my opinion, ethical injustice. The goal of cloning is to create identical genes. This method is a process of replication in genetic constitution, which results in lack of differentiation in gene diversity. Reducing the diversity of genes weakens the human population’s ability of adaptation. Cloning is also detrimental to the beauty that comes from diversity, which is truly valuable especially in a Christian perspective. God has createdShow MoreRelatedShould Cloning Be Beneficial?1076 Words   |  5 Pagesare just one of many examples† (Cloning). Cloning has a lot of controversy surrounding it. Some people believe that it shouldn’t be used in science. There are also people out there that believe it is extraordinary and should be used on a daily basis. There are many benefits to cloning, but there are also many things most people don’t know about genetic cloning, such as how it works and that it occasionally happens naturally. I will be writing about how genetic cloning works, the risks i nvolved, andRead MoreHuman And Animal Cloning : Should It Truly Beneficial?1920 Words   |  8 PagesHuman and Animal Cloning: Would it Truly be Beneficial In a generation where improving life is the main priority, the idea of cloning humans and animals in order to do just that remains extremely far-fetched, being opposed on scientific, economic, and ethical accounts. Admittedly, the idea of cloning, both animal and human, has the potential to cure diseases and create a healthier generation with a better quality of life. â€Å"Cloning technology is already here† and could â€Å"produce results that wouldRead More Clones Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthe development of technology is cloning. The word clone is used in many different contexts in biological research but in its most simple and strict sense, it refers to a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal, or human being.1 Human cloning has been a largely controversial focus in the area of cloning, mainly, the ethics of cloning. People have differed opinions about the ethics of cloning. Some people think that cloning is not morally right, cloning is erosion of respect for sexualityRead MoreThe Science Of The Human Race909 Words   |  4 Pagesare contemplating on whether we should soon advance the biology of the human race. Ever since the cloning of the first animal, a sheep named Dolly in the year 1996 the world has been afraid that animal cloning is only the beginning for they felt man was playing god. As for human cloning the public knew it would follow soon after. In this time of panic Gretchen Vogel, a journalist notes, that suddenly the public’s fears came true. In the year 1997 before any cloning laws were set a physicist, â€Å"RichardRead MoreCloning Pros And Cons Of Cloning1147 Words   |  5 Pages Cloning Pros Cons Nicole Hedrick Baker College HSC 402A /Dr. Eric Oestmann/Seminar Two Position/Argument Essayâ€Æ' Abstract A clone is where two organisms share the same exact DNA. These two organisms are the same identical replica of each other. In the past, cloning has taken place naturally. For instance, a couple who naturally conceived and gave birth to identical twins or triplets. Today, science and technology has been introduced to where cloning can intentionally be done. Some peopleRead MoreCloning, The, And False Interpretations Of Cloning1424 Words   |  6 PagesCloning, an ethical issue that has been pressed across the globe, has become a substantial debate throughout a majority of nations. The incorporation of a new type of reproduction in the United States has a plentiful amount of benefits for certain animals and objects, but duplicates of humans is hard to comprehend for many people across America. Currently, cloning is an interesting topic that could become a new way to improve reproduction of animals and humans, prevent diseases, and increase theRead MoreThe Consequences Of Cloning In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe invention of cloning, both a blessing and a curse, can possibly enable humanity to reach eternal life. An invention is the creation of a device developed after a study or an experiment, in the hopes of benefiting society. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about an inventor, Victor Frankenstein, who creates life that he later rejects. His invention results in consequences for both himself and his creation. Both cloning and the creation of the monster was made to benefit and advance society’sRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cloning724 Words   |  3 PagesNow that we are advancing in technology very rapidly, people are starting to wonder if it would be beneficial to clone humans. Some people say that you can literally save a persons life and create an exact replica of person by cloning. But some people say it’s not humane and it would be weird if there is 2 of the exact same person in the world. People are a lso concerned because nobody knows how these clones will act. We don’t know if the host will be harmed and we also don’t know if the clones willRead More Cloning Technology: With Respect to Faith and Reason Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesCloning Technology: With Respect to Faith and Reason Church VS Science The idea of sitting in an airport and seeing someone walk past that looks identical to you may seem absurd, but due to new scientific development it may not stay that way for long. In 1953 two scientists by the names of James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA.1 DNA can be defined as the makeup of chromosomes, which carry genetic information. DNA is present in nearly every living organismRead MoreThe Cloning Of The Human Body1611 Words   |  7 PagesIn my paper i m going to be talking about the importance of cloning, the basics of cloning, and some other interesting facts about cloning not just humans but some animals like Dolly the sheep.I think Cloning is going to help because it helps with cures, it gives us a new way to reproduce, and it finds ways to make the human body better. In 1997 Scottish scientists created the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly. The cloning of a mammal stimulated debate because technology used to clone a

Transgender Informative Speech - 1769 Words

On July 26, 2017, the 45th President of the United States of America delivered the following message to America via his Twitter account. â€Å"After consultation with my Generals and military experts, please be advised that the United States Government will not accept or allow Transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military. Our military must be focused on decisive and overwhelming victory, and cannot be burdened with tremendous medical costs and disruptions that transgenders in the military would entail. Thank you.† This statement left me with more of a questions than answers, and it became necessary to research the information. How does being transgender make our military forces less focused? How does being†¦show more content†¦However, what happens when the order of the President you have sworn to obey, stands in direct contradiction to the Constitution that you have sworn to support and depend? This is the question at hand for most of the s ervice members that are serving in our United States military, and this question must be answered as so many other bans that have gone before it. It must be answered based solely on the freedoms and promises engrained in our constitution. It is not the President that determines our Constitutional rights and Americans, it is the United State Constitution that sets forth the rights of its people, and these rights must not be infringed upon. These rights must be protected, defended, and upheld. After all, it is what more than 1,196,554 million American military members have given their lives in defense of, and the pillars for which our nation stands. Today, out of a nation of 320 million people, 1.3 million Americans are in active duty military, and another 1 million serve in the reserves, according to the Department of Defense. Therefore, it is hard to understand why we would ban individuals from serving, when less than one percent of our nations has answered the call defend our freedoms. However, this is not new to American, and bans have existed within our military since the beginning of our nation’s history. In 1948, President Harry Truman, lifted the ban on blacks serving in the militaryShow MoreRelatedTransgender Informative Speech1798 Words   |  8 PagesTransgender Left Out In today’s society, we are raised to be tolerant, respectful, and understanding of others. The military cultivates these beliefs through policies and education. The military would not exist without our young citizens wanting to serve their patriotic duty. There are many benefits for someone to join the military, for instance, college money, medical and dental benefits, and trade to build on, and the best retirement plan. As long as you were Medically fit, and mentally adeptRead MoreInformative Speech About Transgender1407 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Transgender individuals will be people whose sex characters don t relate to their organic sex, and along these lines they contrast from the generalization of how men and ladies ordinarily are. Transgender does exclude sexual introduction or physical sex attributes, but rather is in truth a less clinical term which relates to sex character and sex expression. Hence transgender individuals incorporate those individuals whose personality and conduct don t stick to the clichà © sexualRead MoreThe Internet Is Not The Best Place For A Woman Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesYet, due to global abuse, people are often left alone or ignored as they struggle to define themselves. As a result, Everyday Feminism hopes to put an end to this by supporting individuals and groups who share their ideas of peace. Top 10 Most Informative Feminist Sites Clapway FeminismIn addition, the site itself is an educational method for social and personal liberation. Since launching in 2012, Everyday Feminism has rapidly become one the more popular feminist sites in the world. Almost 4.5 millionRead MoreGoing Into Diversity I Wasn t For Sure How The Class Would Go1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe stereotypes and prejudices only feed racism more. The biggest culprit of spreading this or at least embedding the ideas is the media. There should be more regulation on what is being reported, but then you start to thread on our right of free speech. â€Å"Threatening† our rights as United States citizens is a whole other issue. I constantly have to remind myself that there is good and bad in every race, culture and population. I applaud Howard Schultz, in his attempt to spread the word of equalityRead MoreSocial And Cultural Diversity : Beyond Racism3572 Words   |  15 Pagesthen produces the best ther apeutic approach to achieve the best outcome. Some informative resources that some people might find regarding cultural diversity, for both the client and the counselor, can be found on the internet. For a family to discuss, especially for an African American family, but really for all people, a speech can be found at the American Rhetoric website. It is the Martin Luther King, Jr. speech delivered in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC. (Martin Luther King

Market Risk Analysis Practical Econometrics

Question: Discuss about the Market Risk Analysis for Practical Econometrics. Answer: Introduction Planet gas limited is a company listed in the Australian Stock Exchange commonly known as the ASX. As its name suggests, the company deals with gas and oil globally but its core businesses are concentrated in the United States of America and Australia. The reason for this strategy is that both countries have a rich natural resource and high affinity for gases and oil due to them being industrial countries. The areas of the project in the United States are Appalachia and New York cities while in Australia the company projects are found in South Australia a region well known as the copper basin. There are people who are the drivers of this company and help in the implementation of the companys goals and objectives (Alexander, 2008). They include the board of management for long term decision making, the chief executive officer and the chief finance officer for short term operational decisions of the company. In this paper we are going to look at the various responsibilities of a chief finance officer. Responsibilities of a CFO The chief financial officer has various functions in an organization. The chief finance officer of the company is a key figure in companys management committees and the board of directors and management (Alexander, 2008). In times of crisis of the company, the chief finance officer is responsible for all financial decisions that the company undertakes for approval by the companys board of directors. A company like planet gas limited does not only want an experienced chief finance officer but a highly trained one with professional qualifications having led other numerous companies. This is a highly prestigious position second from the chief executive officer who is the overall decision maker in the company. In most cases, the chief finance officer is the automatic successor of the chief executive officer when the company does not want to hire from outside. A chief financial officer needs a high practical guidance from both experience and professional skills acquired through learning. A finance degree is most appropriate in the chief finance officer but a masters in finance is also an added advantage : (Barnes, 2009). Professional courses in finance also are an added advantage in acquiring chief finance officer competency. Among the primary or fundamental functions of a chief financial officer of planet gas limited are; Liquidity management of the company- not only does the chief executive officer manage the companys liquidity by the bank route, that is the balances in the companys bank accounts but also evaluation of good customers where the company uses credit terms to sell. Managing to collect on time and cash flows forecasting which is a standard requirement according to the international standards of accounting (Bragg, 2003). This makes the companies to avoid deep liquidity issues that may affect the companys liquidity position. There is always sufficient liquidity that a company meets their monetary commitments. Managing the liquidity of companies, not only by the banking route, but also; evaluating good customers to whom the company sells on credit, managing to collect on time and making good cash flow forecasts to avoid falling into situations of illiquidity and generally making sure that there is always sufficient liquidity for the company meets their monetary commitments. The chief financial officer organizes the bank finances terms.Achieve bank financing on the best terms and meet the needs of the company, both in the short and medium and long term. We all know that achieving funding is not easy, at this time (Karaian, n.d.). Planet gas limited is highly liquid and requires lot of cash flows due to its operations. A gas and oil company should not have financial difficulties and should be required to make early cash flow intake in case of detected problems. A CFO will make known the cash flow requirements to the board of directors while also making it necessary to make it known of the cash flows problems in the company. The third test is judicial analysis of investments policies of the company. Judiciously analyzing the investment policy; their need, profitability and form of financing for the companys financial needs. Investment decisions are made by the companys directors with the help of technocrats like the CFO. to know the return on investments of the company in projects and the return on investors equity, the company should seek guidance from the chief finance officer of the company. Application of efficient and effective systems in cash flow creates the best strategy for the company in the future in terms of liquidity. Most businesses are used to making profits based on the economic conditions at that time; however a good chief financial officer should look for diversification processes as well as immediate plans to increase profitability. Additionally, the CFO should put in place a proper system of cost control, applying criteria of effectiveness and efficiency to bolster performances of the company. The issue is not spending, but spending just enough to generate value for the company. Spending arbitrary may not increase the chances of the company to have more profits but tends to reduce the profits in place. Decision making in companies must be based on good information that will allow proper management and the responsibility they have this good information, often rests with the figure of the CFO. The CFO is not limited to generate this information, but also must be able to make a thorough analysis of it, facilitating the work of decision-making other departments and generally throughout the company. As you can see has become a key figure increasingly respected and loved because for many reasons, the smooth running of the company depends on who can do their job very well, with good sense and professionalism (Karaian, n.d.). Controllership duties this is providing information that is financially important and relevant to Planet Gas Limited and its position in the financial markets. For the basis of effective decision making, the information should always be meaningful and practical. The mission of the CFO is to make relevant, timely, comparable and verifiable financial information for long term, short term and medium term decision making of the company. Systems establishment and upgrading of the information system that is available should be a core mandate of a serious chief executive for the purpose of making good the companys investment. Other duties include the administrative and tax matters that the company will pay to the tax man for future decision making. System of accounting establishment policies should also be inspired by the chief financial officer. Controlling of the companys working capital is also a duty of the companys chief financial officer (Robinson, 2009). Auditing of financial reports of Australian gas industry and their infrastructures are the guiding principles to strategic planning and growth for expansion. In a mission to get the best out of the industry, the Australian telecommunication industry is analyzing, the inherent risks associated with financial position of the industry. In this stage, we will find the risk assessment: performing identification, analysis and subsequent determination of their value. For a better understanding of the risks and impacts of a risk a map is drawn, with all stages of their development process is presenting the impact and frequency of risks. Ending with the most important part of the implementation as is the Risk Management Strategy and ways of monitoring the business growth. The strategy of the company is focused on customer while providing quality and innovative telecommunication. In this business strategy awareness of the risk itself, its impacts and probabilities, evaluation methods as well as those who assume its main risks and problems, the environment in which develops such as business and that is where he will focus this part of the chapter "Risks affecting businesses: affecting the telecommunication industry. Finally, from the point of view of the financial costs of companies, growth of monetary amounts to reducti on of costs and risk transfers, ie prevention measures and insurance, have become aware of the decisive influence they had in the compliance with business objectives. After deregulation of the industry, many businesses are entering the market with the aim of competing to get a share of the Company the largest in the industry by service production. The CFO of a company is responsible for a companys financial policies and the cash flow of operating, financial and investing activities especially for an oil producing company like planet gas limited (Keim and Ziemba, 2000). CFO is also involved in the companies treasury matters and he is the overseer of all matters related to treasury of the company and matters affecting the financial relationship of the company. There are people who are the drivers of this company and help in the implementation of the companys goals and objectives. They include the board of management for long term decision making, the chief executive officer and the chief finance officer for short term operational decisions of the company. In this paper we are going to look at the various responsibilities of a chief finance officer. In most cases, the chief finance officer is the automatic successor of the chief executive officer when the company does not want to hire from outside. Efficient market hypothesis It should be noted that the fact that the market collect all available information does not mean that all those involved in it are aware of everything and know how to interpret all the information and determine its consequences, but what stands out is the aggregate market behavior. Can a fund manager select a portfolio from pin? In an efficient market, no group would be at a disadvantage or advantage over others; since all have the maximum information. So the only way to make extra profits is to get information that other investors do not have, or take advantage of temporary differences that may arise between the market price of a security and its intrinsic value. Search insider information, along with the work done by analysts, speculators and arbitrageurs is precisely what leads to market efficiency; therefore, the function of these operators is essential for achieving market efficiency, being the work of the arbitrageur the most important, and as such, it is possible to consider arbitration as the cornerstone of the Efficient Market Theory. Thus, one of the curiosities notably on the efficiency of markets is the fact that, so that they behave efficiently, it is necessary that operators do not believe in market efficiency, so try to discover the existence of inefficiencies. Action that causes them disappear, pushing prices to their target value, and achieving, thus market efficiency. This has been called the "efficient market paradox". Obviously, profit in the short term for reasons of chance always be feasible; however, this theory argues for the impossibility of achieving these benefits continuously in the long run. Strong Hypothesis for fund selection Depending on the level or the strong form of efficiency, a market is efficient when its full and instantly prices reflect all available information, be it historical, public or private information. From the above statement it follows that any study method available information will achieve extraordinary returns. So, in an efficient market in its strong form, it will only be possible to "beat the market" through luck or chance. Logically, it seems impossible that the market is efficient in its strong form, since that would imply that it is a perfect market, which, as seen above, is a utopia. Resource allocation When a market is efficient, being all the information on prices, trading centers around the intrinsic value of securities, so it will not be possible to obtain extraordinary returns by agents. However, when they believe otherwise and try to seize opportunities to enrich themselves, contribute to improving market efficiency. Thus, the pursuit of maximum individual benefit, trying to detect market inefficiencies, contributes to achieving a collective benefit, to properly guide the market allocation of resources, indicating which investment decisions to be followed are the agents. Equal opportunities A fully efficient market will, among its main consequences, equal opportunities between investors, they have as much information as possible. However, as the degree of market efficiency is reduced, the greater will be the differences in opportunities between informed and uninformed; so that the goal of any investor will get information that is not other investors to achieve extraordinary returns and thus be able to beat the market. Obtaining short-term profits does not contradict the efficient market theory, because it defends the impossibility of maintaining such profits continuously in the long run. Efficient Market Theory has been the dominant paradigm in finance for many years, however, the existence of various anomalies and inconsistencies with this theory make them many scholars who defend the inefficiency of markets (Keim and Ziemba, 2000). References Alexander, C. (2008). Market Risk Analysis, 1. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Alexander, C. (2008). Market Risk Analysis, Practical Financial Econometrics. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Barnes, P. (2009). Stock market efficiency, insider dealing and market abuse. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Bragg, S. (2003). The new CFO financial leadership manual. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Executive careers in business administration. (2007). [Chicago, Ill.]: Institute for Career Research. Jones, C. (2008). The intelligent portfolio. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley Sons. Karaian, J. (n.d.). The chief financial officer. Keim, D. and Ziemba, W. (2000). Security market imperfections in worldwide equity markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kuada, J. (2008). International market analysis. Adonis and Abbey. Mak, D. (2006). Mathematical techniques in financial market trading. Hackensack, N.J.: World Scientific. MitreÃÅ'Â ¨ga, M. (2006). Market analysis. Katowice: Publisher of the Karol Adamiecki University of Economics. Palepu, K., Healy, P. and Bernard, V. (2000). Business analysis valuation. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub. Revsine, L., Collins, D. and Johnson, W. (2005). Financial reporting and analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Robinson, T. (2009). International financial statement analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Taxation. (2000). New York: United Nations. Temin, P. (2013). The Roman market economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab free essay sample

Molar volume is the volume that one mole of gas occupies when temperature and pressure are kept constant. The molar volume of a gas can be determined through evaluating how much gas is given off when the number of moles of the substance is known. To find the volume of gas that will be used to calculate the molar volume, the process of water displacement can be used. Reference Citation Cesa, J. (2002). ChemTopic labs: Experiments and demonstrations in chemistry (vol. 9). Batavia, Il: Flinn Scientific. Calculations (Weight of Mg ribbon used for conversion) (____ ¬.50 g ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬____) = .038 g/cm2 (Width of ribbon)(length of conversion Mg ribbon) (.3 cm x 44.15 cm) (Conversion factor)(Length of Mg ribbon)(width of Mg ribbon) = mass of Mg ribbon .038 g/cm2 (.9 cm x .3cm) = .0103 g Volume of H2 gas 11.5 mL Amount to be subtracted or removed to correct the meniscus- .2 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas 11.3 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas converted to liters 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 mL (1 x 10-3 L) =.0113 L (1 mL) Temperature of water bath in K 22.1 °C + 273.15K = 295.3K Barometric Pressure minus water vapor pressure equals pressure of H2 gas 744.72 mmHg – 19.8 mmHg = 724.9 mmHg P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) Volume of H2 (g) at STP Volume of H2 gas (9.97 x 10-3 L) = 23.5 L/mol Theoretical amount of moles (4.24 x 10 -4 mol) Molar Volume Mass of Mg ribbon times molar mass equals moles of Mg .0103 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = 4.24 x 10-4 mol Mg (24.3050 g) Percent Yield (23.5 L/mol) x 100 = 105% (22.42 L/mol) Percent Yield Data Tables Data Table 1 Length of Mg Ribbon.9 cm Mass of Mg.0103 g Evidence of Chemical ReactionGas bubbles came up off of the iron cage containing the Mg ribbon Volume of H2 Gas 11.5 mL Corrected Volume of H2 Gas11.3 mL Temperature of Water Bath Before Reaction22.1 ° C Temperature of Water Bath After Reaction22.0 ° C Barometric Pressure744.72 mmHg Discussion Water displacement can be used to determine the amount of a gas that a reaction exudes. That volume can then be used to calculate the molar volume of the gas after the measured volume is corrected for differences in temperature and pressure. When a metal, acid, and water are placed into a graduated cylinder, that graduated cylinder can then be inverted into a water bath. As a reaction occurs, the gas that is produced will rise to the new â€Å"top† of the graduated cylinder. This will push some of the water out of the graduated cylinder and into the water bath. The volume of gas can be determined after the reaction has run to completion by reading the amount of space the gas has taken up and subtracting .2 mL due to the inverted meniscus. Using a copper wire, a â€Å"cage† was made around a .9 cm long piece of magnesium ribbon, which was then placed into a rubber stopper. After placing 5.0 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid into a 25 mL graduated cylinder, distilled water was layered overtop of the acid until the water was almost brimming of the edge. The rubber stopper was put into the graduated cylinder firmly, and then quickly inversed into the water bath. The formation of gas signified that a reaction was occurring. The gas was able to be collected at the top of the graduated cylinder when it was inversed due to the pressure pushing the water out of the graduated cylinder. The results were recorded before the reaction was finished due to a time constraint. The volume of hydrogen gas was 11.5 mL, and the corrected volume was 11.3 mL because of the inversed meniscus, and the temperature of the water bath after the reaction was 22.1  °C. Using this information, the theoretical amount of moles of H2 gas that was to be produced was found to be 4.24 x 10 -4 moles, which was calculated by converting our mass of Mg ribbon into moles of H2. Using the combined gas law we calculated the volume of H2 gas at STP. This then allowed us to find the molar volume of our lab by dividing the volume of H2 gas produced at STP by the theoretical amount of moles. Our molar volume was 23.5 L/ mole. We found our percent yield to be 105%, and this was calculated by dividing our lab’s molar volume by the theoretical molar volume. Since our percent yield cannot actually be 105%, one or more errors could have occurred to cause this issue. One error that could have occurred was wrapping the copper wire too tightly around the magnesium. This would cause the reaction to take much longer than if we had wrapped it more loosely. Due to time, we weren’t able to let the reaction completely finish. Although, we determined that the amount of gas that was left to be given off was much too small of an amount to make much of a difference. Another error was how our total barometric pressure was an average between the pressure reading in the hallway and the pressure reading in the room. Using an average would have caused a difference in our calculations because since the barometric pressure was not exact, any calculations involving this average would not be completely correct. Another error could have been if we missed a spot of oxidation on our magnesium ribbon, which then could have caused a new substance to be introduced to the reaction. This error could have caused the molar volume of hydrogen to be lower than what was to be expected because part of the Mg would have already reacted. Even if we did clean off all of the visible oxidation, this metal would have started oxidizing again immediately. One last error was if we had allowed air to get into the graduated cylinder. This could have caused a bubble to form, which would have made our measured volume too high. Pre-Lab Questions: 1. Vapor pressure of water at 22.0 °C = 19.8 mmHg Mg (s) + HCl (aq) → H2 (g) 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K Ptotal = P(g) + P(H2) 746 mmHg = P(g) + 19.8 mmHg 726 mmHg = P(g) 2. P1V1T2= P2V2T1 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K 31.0 mL (1x 10 -3 L) = .0310 L ( 1 mL ) (726 mmHg)(.031 L)(273.15 K) = .0274 L (760 mmHg )(295.2 K) 3. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Mg = 24.3050 g/mol 0.028 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = .0012 mol Mg (24.3050 g) 4. Corrected volume of H2 = .0274 L = 22.8 L/mol Theoretical # of moles of H2 .0012 mol Post-Lab Questions 1..0103 g Mg (1 mol Mg) (1 mol H2) = 4.24 x 10 -4 mol H2 (24.3050 g) (1 mol Mg) The theoretical number of moles of hydrogen gas produced in Trial 1 was 4.24 x 10 -4 moles. 2. 744.72 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .97989 atm (760 mmHg) 19.8 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .0261 atm (760 mmHg) Ptotal = P(H20) + P(H2) .97989 atm = (.0261 atm) + P(H2) P(H2) = .9538 atm The partial pressure of hydrogen gas that was produced was .9538 atm. 3. P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) = 9.97 mL (1 x 10-3 L) The hydrogen gas would occupy 9.97 x 10-3 L or 9.97 mL 4. 9.97 mL H2 gas ( 1 x 10 -3) = 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) Molar Volume = (Volume of H2) (9.97 x 10-3 L H2 ) = 23.5 L / mol (Theoretical # of moles H2) (4.24 x 10-4 mol H2) The molar volume is 23.5 L/ mol. 5. Percent error = |Experimental value – Literature value| x 100 Literature value Percent error = |23.5 L – 22.42 L| x 100 = 4.82% 22.42 L The percent error was 4.82% 6. 1 mol of H2 (g) (2.02 g ) (1 mol) = .0860 g/L Molar volume (1 mol ) (23.5 L ) The experimental value for the hydrogen gas was 0.860 g/L while the literature value was .0899 g/L. 7. A bubble of air in the graduated cylinder would have caused the measured volume of hydrogen gas to be too high. This would have happened because of the appearance of more hydrogen gas when the volume was read initially. 8. The error of oxidation would have caused the measured volume to be lower than it should have been due to the introduction of an extra substance (the oxidation) being added to the reaction because part of the Mg would have already reacted with the oxidation. 9. Buret mL converted to L 50. mL (1 x 10 -3L ) = .050 L ( 1 mL ) Temperature of water bath from  °C to K 22.1 °C + 273.2K = 295.3K n= PV RT n= (744.72 mmHg) (.050L) = 2.0 x 10 -3 mol (62.4 L mmHg/mol K)( 295.3K) Converting mol of Mg to mass 2.0 x 10 -3 mol Mg ( 24.3050g) = .049 g Mg ( 1 mol ) Converting mass of Mg to length .049 g Mg (44.15 cm) = 4.3 cm ( .50 g ) The maximum length of Mg ribbon that should be used is 4.3 cm.

Maritime Port Security free essay sample

Prompted by the US, the IMO agreed to make security amendments to he Safety of Life at Sea Convention 1974 (SOLAS). Parties to the IMO and SOLAS convention finalized these amendments at a diplomatic held at the IMO in December 2002 in London. In the diplomatic conference, it was agreed upon that maritime security measures will be accepted internationally by January 1, 2004, and in force six months later by July 1, 2004 worldwide. As a result of this agreement, the International Ship and Port Facility Code (ISPS) was drafted containing the amendments and complimentary provisions to the SOLAS. The ISPS was included as an Annex to Chapter Xl-2 of the SOLAS Convention. The new security code is the first multilateral ship and port security standard ever created. It requires nations to develop port and ship security plans primarily as a safeguard against the threat of terrorist attacks. It also provides for a standard framework in helping governments to evaluate risks in case of threat to ship and port facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Maritime Port Security or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ISPS applies to all passenger ships on international voyages, to all other ships over 500 G on international voyages, and all port facilities serving ships on international voyages (Peppinck, 2003; US Department of Homeland Security, 2003). The Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (MTSA) is considered as the US equivalent of the ISPS. It is the US response to the security amendments required by the SOLAS and its complementary ISPS. The purpose of the Bill is to strengthen and add additional defense to the United States (US) port security. The Bill was designed primarily to protect the US ports and waterways from terrorist attacks. MTSA was signed on November 25, 2002. In July 1, 2003, the temporary interim rules for the Act was published, as well as the effective date of regulations. In the same month, a ublic meeting was held in Washington, D. C. , and the deadline for submission of written comments on MTSA was set. On October 22, 2003, the publication of the final on November 22, 2003. The Act was finally fully implemented on July 1, 2004 (US Department of Homeland Security, 2003; United States Coast Guards, 2006). . Review of Previous Legislation: The Need for MTSA MTSA was enacted pursuant to the ISPS Code, which is considered as the first multilateral ship and port security standard created. Since MTSA complies with the standards and requirements of the ISPS, the ACT is considered as the first specific egislation addressing port and maritime security in the US. Apart from the MTSA, however, Section 89, Title 14 o f the United States Code authorizes the US Coast Guard to board any vessel subject to Jurisdiction of the US, or subject to US Jurisdiction by operation of any law. The Coast Guards have the right to make inquiries, examinations, searches and seizures on board vessels if in violation of US laws. The Coast Guards are likewise allowed to engage in land, water, and air patrols, as well as to order any vessel to stop if it falls within their Jurisdiction. However, what federal law provides is control over the anchorage and movement of vessels in navigable waters of the US. Ship and port security standards were not expressly specified as within the power of the Coast Guard (The Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, 2001). The Secretary of Transportation also has the broad authority to regulate the movement and operation of vessels subject to US Jurisdiction, as provided in the Ports and Waterway Safety Act (PWSA). The Act also authorizes the Secretary of Transportation to respond to terrorist acts against vessels and waterfront facilities, as ell as to investigate any incident that causes damage to waterfront facilities or affects the safety of US ports. Under the Secretarys authority, a vessels clearance to entry in the US may be refused or revoked upon violation of the PWSA (The Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, 2001). The Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 expanded the authority of the Coast Guard. This law was enacted in response to an incident wherein a US citizen was killed when a passenger vessel, Achille Lauro, was seized by terrorists in 1985. To protect passenger vessels and passenger terminals from errorist attacks, the US Congress constituted Title Xl of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act as the International Maritime and Port Security Act. Title Xl requires the Coast Guard to establish measures to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks, as well as to establish security and safety zones. Passenger vessels and passenger terminal operators are also required under this Act to develop contingency plans for security measures against terrorist acts, subject to examination and approval by the Coast Guard. However, this Act does not cover cargo vessels and erminals. The foreign port assessments are coordinated between the Department of State and the cruise ship industry. In 2000, only two assessments for safety and security plans were conducted (The Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, 2001 The National Infrastructure Security Committee (NISC) of the US Department of Transportation was created after September 1 1, and is charged with the responsibility of focusing on intermodal security issues and to ensure coordination of the Departments security work across all modes of transportation. Direct Action egulatory and diplomatic initiatives for each mode of transportation. S. 214, The Port, Maritime, and Rail Security Act of 2001 , was introduced by Senator Hollings of South Carolina, as a new paradigm in maritime and port security in the US. In discussing these initiatives, then Secretary of Transportation, Norman Mineta, in a Statement before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, discussed that focusing exclusively on security at ports is not enough. A comprehensive approach that looks beyond ports and port f acilities, embracing the entire marine transportation system, is crucial. It should involve not only large seaports but smaller ports as well as ports of all sizes handling bulk cargoes, and the security of coastal waters and inland waterways (Mineta, 2001). Admiral James M. Loy, on the same occasion before the Subcommittee on the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, had this to say on the US port and maritime security strategy: While effective homeland security is built upon the principles of awareness, prevention, response, and consequence management, the primary objectives are awareness and prevention. Awareness helps focus resources and provides efficiency to prevention. Prevention places a premium on awareness, detecting, identifying, and tracking threats to our homeland security. However, once terrorists or the means of terrorism are on the move towards or within the United States, the nation must have the means to detect and intercept them before they reach our borders and our transportation system. While there are no guarantees, there is good reason to believe that we can improve our national ability to detect potential threats in or to transportation through effective use of information that is, toa great extent, already available. (Loy, 2001). Admiral Loy further stresses that, maritime trade, which is critical to this countrys economic strength, continues to move through ports with minimal interruption. It is no surprise that sustaining mobility will come at a higher cost to all of us. But the reality is that we live in a country that prides itself on the openness of its democracy, so we remain at risk to attacks of terrorism. It is incumbent upon our government to minimize this risk (Loy, 2001). MTSA fills in the gaps of these other past legislations and responds to the need for a more comprehensive approach towards port and maritime security in the US. Based on S. 1214 as earlier introduced by Senator Hollings, MTSA requires vessels and port facilities to conduct vulnerability assessments and to develop security plans that cover passenger, vehicle, and baggage screening procedures. The powers of the Coast Guard under PWSA, involving establishing security patrols, establishing security and safety areas, and to access control measures were deemed incorporated into the MTSA. Unlike the International Maritime and Port Security Act however, the MTSA is not limited to passenger vessels and passenger operator terminals. Its cope and security regulations cover sectors of maritime industry with higher risk of involvement in transportation security incident, and includes not only large passenger vessels, but also various tank vessels, barges, large passenger vessels, cargo vessels, towing vessels, offshore oil and gas platforms, and port facilities handling certain kinds of dangerous cargo or service. MTSA, incorporating the role of NISC, also requires the establishment of committees in all the nations ports in order local and state agencies and industries, as well as the boating public. These ommittees, called the Area Maritime Security Committees, performs much of the same tasks as NISC, with the primary responsibility of developing plans so that resources in the committees particular area are best equipped and utilized to prevent and respond to terrorist threats and attacks (United States Coast Guards, 2006). 3. Summary of Pertinent Provisions of the MTSA The MTSA was intended with the primary purpose of establishing a program to ensure greater security for US seaports. It requires the Secretary of Transportation to establish a vessel identification plan wherein vessel types and US port facilities hat pose a high risk of being involved in a transportation security incident must be identified. The incident as covered by this Act pertains to one that involves significant loss of life, environmental damage, transportation system disruption, or economic disruption in a particular area. The Secretary is likewise responsible for assessing the vulnerability of US port facilities and vessels that may be involved in any of the abovementioned transportation security incidents. In addition to vessel identification and vulnerability assessment, the Secretary of Transportation is equired to develop a plan called the National Maritime Transportation Security Plan, which should prevent and respond to any transportation security incident. The plan requires for the coordination of federal, state, and local government agencies. Consistent with the National Maritime Transportation Security Plan, owner and operators of vessels or facilities are likewise required to submit their own vessel or facility security plan to prevent and respond to transportation security incidents. These plans are subject to the examination and approval of the Secretary of Transportation. The Secretary likewise needs to establish security incident response plans for vessels and facilities involved in transportation security incidents. The Secretary of Transportation is also required to assess the effectiveness of antiterrorism measures in specified foreign ports (MTSA, S 102) The Secretary of Transportation may also deny admission, or removal, of an individual from the US if the individual poses as terrorism security risk to the nation. Otherwise, a qualified individual may be issued a transportation security card for entry into secured areas for vessels or facilities. The Secretary can also establish criteria for denial of admission to the US and can direct the Attorney General to perform background checks on individuals seeking entry into the US. Likewise, the Secretary is authorized to deny entry of vessels from foreign ports with ineffective antiterrorism measures or not maintaining effective antiterrorism measures (MTSA, S 102). In addition, the Secretary is tasked with coordinating with the US Coast Guard in developing an international agreement that provides for a uniform, comprehensive, international system for identification of seafarers that will allow the US and another country to establish the identity of any seafarer on a vessel within the US waters or such other country involved (MTSA, S 103). To help in implementation, the Secretary of Transportation is tasked with the establishment of maritime safety and security teams. The scope for these teams is protection of vessels, harbors, ports, facilities, and cargo in US waters. The Secretary is also tasked with implementing a system to collect and analyze information on relating to the vessels crew, passengers, cargo and intermodal shipments. Specified vessels operating in the navigable waters of the US are also required to be equipped ith Automatic Identification Systems (AS) (MTSA, S 102). In summary, pursuant to the MTSA, the Secretary of Transportation is required to implement measures for vessel identification, information collection, vulnerability assessment and to establish security plans for the nations ports and specified foreign ports. Violations of the requirements in this section gives the secretary authority to set forth civil penalties. The MTSA also served to amend past legislation. Section 104 of the Act provides that MTSA amends federal law to extend the Jurisdiction of the US to include all aters of the territorial sea as described in Presidential Proclamation 5928. The Ports and Waterways Safety Act (PWSA), which was earlier discussed in this paper, was also amended to authorize the use of qualified armed Coast Guard personnel to serve as sea marshal on vessel and public or commercial structures which are on or are adjacent to the US. These sea marshals have the duty of preventing or responding to terrorist acts or transportation security incidents (MTSA, S 107). The International Maritime and Port Security Act, which was also earlier discussed as Title Xl of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act, was also amended to require an annual report to be submitted to Congress on threats of terrorism to US ports and vessels. Such an annual report is also supposed to contain an analysis of the effectiveness of maritime transportation security activities under MTSA regarding port security against terrorist attacks (MTSA, S 110). The MTSA has also touched on the authority of the Coast Guard. They are now authorized to conduct marine casualty investigations involving foreign vessels in areas outside US territorial waters. Such authority is consistent with practices and procedures of international law (MTSA, 423). The Act also amends the Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act to permit the Coast Guards drug interdiction Jurisdiction to extend to 24 nautical miles from US shores. This constitutes the outer limit of the US contiguous zone. The MTSA also provides for circumstances under which the US Government may legally seize a vessel involved in illicit drug smuggling (MTSA, S 418). One major strength of the MTSA is that, as landmark legislation, it provides for a standard for US ship and port security which is pursuant to one world standard for hip and port security as pursuant to the ISPS Code. The US no longer has to rely on a patchwork of security procedures since there is a comprehensive set of standards that the international community must adhere to (Ridge, 2004). In his Remarks delivered at the Port of Los Angeles, Secretary Tom Ridge stated: This will help create a culture of security at ports around the world and mandate specific improvements (2004). The vessel identification system required by MTSA will allow the US to regulate the entry of vessels, as well as its passengers, crew, and cargo before allowing their ntry into the US. Vulnerability assessment should also help port facilities and vessel owners and operators to evaluate their risks to transportation security incidents and terrorist attacks. The gathering of maritime information will allow the US to analysis make a port vulnerable to such incidents. The action plans required by the MTSA also calls for harbor areas to take affirmative steps in ensuring they comply with security and safety requirements, as well as to coordinate among federal and local agencies, as well as other maritime stakeholders. There is thus a Joint, nationwide ffort to fortify our ports and to protect the nation from potential terrorist attack. Basically, the obvious strength of the MTSA is that it calls for verification in the entry of vessels, foreign or domestic, into US ports. This allows the US to prevent and regulate terrorist threats to the country. Another important strength of the MTSA is that it calls for security plans and assessments which are pertinent per port or harbor area. US ports are not required to follow one strict security plan. Assessments and action plans are designed according to meet the unique security and safety needs for each specific port (Ridge, 004). Critiques of the legislation in related literature have identified three weaknesses of MTSA which relate primarily to security issues. The three weaknesses are as follows: 1) the limited number of ports that will be covered by the MTSA vessel identification system requirement; 2) the scope and quality of the port security assessments pertaining to vulnerability assessments; 3) Coast Guards intention of not individually approving security plans for foreign vessels (Wrightson, 2003). The AS, or automatic identification system, to be developed for vessel dentification system (MTSA, S 102) requires the Coast Guard to implement a process that allows port officials and other vessels to identify the identity and position of vessels entering or operating within their respective harbor area, as an early warning of unidentified vessels or vessels which are not in a location. The problem with implementing such a system is that it requires considerable land-based equipment and infrastructure which are not currently available in many ports across the US. Studies forecast that the AIS will be available in less than half of the 25 busiest ports in the nation (Wrightson, 2003, p. ). The second weakness in MTSA, which was apparent after examination and review by United States General Accounting Office (GAO), pertains to the scope and quality of the vulnerability assessments required by the Act for every port facility and vessel owners and operators regarding transportation security incidents (MTSA, S 102). In a Testimony before the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on September 9, 2003, Margaret Wrightson, Director for Homeland Security and Justice Issues, said: As part our work, we have interviewed port stakeholders to obtain their views on the process. At one port, where the assessment has been completed and the report issued, stakeholders said they had not been given an opportunity to comment on the report, which contained factual errors and did not include an assessment of railroads and the local power generating plant. At the other port, where the assessment was still in process, local Coast Guard personnel and port stakeholders noted that a survey instrument referred to the wrong port, asked questions they regarded as not pertaining to security, and was conducted in ways that raised concerns about credibility. Many of these stakeholders saw little sefulness in the assessments, believing that they added little to what the reviews of individual facilities or installations. They said the assessments focused on the same systems that had already been reviewed and would have greater value if they were focused on matters that had not already been thoroughly studied, such as the potential for waterborne assault (Wrightson, 2003, pp. 9-10). The usefulness and accuracy of such vulnerability assessments have been criticized extensively by those required to participate in such assessments. In addition to quality of such assessments, according to Wrightson, the costs for these ssessments are also extremely high. Most assessments have been conducted only at medium-sized ports in the US, and even at each port the costs per assessment is estimated at $ 1 million or more (Wrightson, 2003, p. 10). Given the cost and the questions as to the usefulness of such assessments, implementing this requirement of the MTSA continues to be a struggle and ineffective today. The third issue pertains to the vessel security plans required for all vessels operating in US waters. These security plans, subject to review and approval by the Secretary of Transportation, must comply with MTSA requirements. According to Wrightson, to implement this requirement, the US Coast Guard has stated that it does not have the intent to individually approve vessel security plans for foreign vessels. The Coast Guard provides that flag state approval of a vessel security plan constitutes compliance with the MTSA requirement of MTSA vessel security plans. Unfortunately, MTSA does not mention any role or participation of foreign countries with respect to the US Secretary of Transportations require approval of such vessel security plans. The problem with this is that ISPS provides for an international equirement for a security plan, which provides that a vessels flag state is responsible for reviewing and certifying the vessels security plan. The concern here is that a vessel may belong to a flag state which does not have a strong safety requirement standard. A foreign vessel belonging toa flag state is subject to the review and certification of such states safety requirements of that vessels security plan. According to Wrightson (2003), the Coast Guard implemented rules to address this issue by verifying that foreign vessels have approved, fully implemented security plans (Wrightson, 2003, pp. 0-11). Unfortunately, the US Coast Guard admits that its security effort is modeled after the US safety program, which may differ from a flag states safety requirements. The Coast Guard is reported to not have contingency plans in place in the event that stronger safety measures than those called for in their current plans are required in order to verify a foreign vessel. These concerns however pertain mainly to foreign flag vessels. us-registered vessels and their corresponding security plans will be reviewed and approved by the Coast Guard. Such review and approval also comes at high costs. In the 2004 budget for the US Coast Guard, the review and approval of the security plans as required by MTSA for domestic vessels alone were set for $ 70 million, with 150 full time personnel required to conduct the review and approval (wrtghtson, 2003, pp. 0-11). Lastly, there is a fourth weakness that can be identified in the MTSA. Although it was discussed that the fact that MTSA does not require for a specific security or action plan for each part, and that action plans are tailored to fit the safety needs of drawbacks. Congress has identified the issue of determining what elements of port ecurity might be best addressed through establishing across-the-board or standard measures applicable to all seaports in the US. These common standards and practices is naturally contradictory to the tailored, site specific approach that MTSA encourages in order to meet the safety needs and specific circumstances of each particular port in the US. For instance, the MTSA does not provide for a specific percentage of cargo which Customs Service should physically inspect at US seaports (Fritelli, 2003, p. 6). 5. Final Assessment and Recommendations to Strengthen MTSA Despite its flaws, the MTSA is still landmark legislation as it took a huge step in allowing the US to prevent and deal with terrorist attacks on the nations maritime ports. Of the 46 key areas identified to implement the requirements of MTSA, 43 of these ports or harbors have already transmitted maritime information which is a preliminary step in helping to establish security systems and action plans (Wrightson, 2003, p. 1). Due to the requirements in MTSA, the Coast Guard has also published its six interim rules on the provisions in the ACT wherein it has lead responsibility ertaining to national maritime security initiatives, area maritime security, vessel security, facility security, outer continental shelf facility security, and AS. The rules also provided for a comprehensive description of industry-related maritime security requirements and cost-benefit assessments for US ports (Wrightson, 2003, pp. 4-6). A careful analysis of strategies and issues identified by the US Department of Homeland Security calls for the following recommendations relating to the issues and weaknesses of MTSA identified in this paper (US Department of Homeland Security, 005): Development of an Infrastructure Recovery Plan which sets standards and procedures for recovery of maritime infrastructure following an attack or similar disruption. This should go hand in hand with vulnerability assessment, in order to respond to the criticism as to lack of usefulness of vulnerability assessments in ports. Vulnerability assessment should thus include assessment as to the costs and extent of recovery needed for an area after a transportation security incident or terrorist attack. Development of an International Outreach and Coordination Strategy. This should allow a framework for the US and foreign governments to coordinate regarding security measures and standards. This will address the issue regarding the Coast Guard verification of foreign flag vessels which may have different security measures and standards as the US. The other issues identified as weaknesses of the MTSA costs of putting AIS in place, costs of conducting assessments in ports, and the lack of a standard measure for all ports versus specific area standards per port have been addressed in the 108th Congress, 1st Session, in HR 2193. The Bill, cited as the Port Security Improvements Act of 2003, provides for funding of port security enhancements pursuant to MTSA. The House Bill provides for standardization of security requirements for ports, vessels and facilities, requiring the Coast Guard to issue regulations under Section 70103, Title 46 of the United States Code, to establish national minimum standards for security requirements for each port, facility in a port in the US, and each vessel entering a US port.

How to Ensure Online Tutoring from PrepScholarTutors Is Right for You

How to Ensure Online Tutoring from PrepScholarTutors Is Right for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While the vast majority of articles on our blog are about immediate tips for the SAT/ACT test, from time to time we also feature some latest products we at PrepScholar are coming out with. This time, we're annoucing our new PrepScholarTutors.com product. It combines the affordability and customization of PrepScholar Automated Prep with varying levels of premium tutoring, giving you many advantages of each. 3 New Tutoring Packages from PrepScholar Most of the features of PrepScholarTutors are explained on its own website, so if you haven't read through it yet (it's short and an easy read!), the best way to get some background on the service is by reading the site. The idea is this:you already know how great our PrepScholar Automated Prep is - why not take it to the next level by adding on tutoring? There are varying degrees of tutoring you can add on: - Our Monitored Automated Prep package can be seen as a similar training strategy to automated prep, but with a few extra hours to bring your training to the next level. While our Automated Prep program is designed to be 99% self understandable, there may be a couple of small areas that you're stuck at and want an explanation for. Likewise, you might be making a pattern of mistakes that's very hard for you to detect yourself, but a professional can spot very quickly. If you're worried about a few uncommon instances of "getting stuck" not understanding a critical strategy or content, then Monitored Autoated Prep is the best package for you. It has a few hours of 1:1 online instruction that will ensure you never get stuck, while keeping the vast majority of the learning in the Automated Prep framework. - Our Full Tutor-Lead Complete Prep package is our most popular tutoring package that we've been doing for years now. This package is designed to give you all the advantages of traditional tutoring, plus more. You meet 1:1 with a tutor, who is main guiding force behind your preparation. The learning isdirected by your tutor at this point, yet you're able to save because all the drilling and scheduling happens via our Automated Prep Package. In other words, you get the best of both worlds: you get one of the top tutors over all of the USA to guide you, while also relegating practice, drills, and other exercises to automated prep to save on cost. - Our Maximum Tutoring package is meant for students who want tutoring to be almost all of their prep. With 40 hours of included tutoring, our 1:1 time can take you from knowing nothing about the test to knowing everything. You still have the option to drill on our Automated Prep platform, but at this point your main strong desire is to get almost all your prep from our world-class tutors. Since effective tutoring is one of the best ways for you to learn, if you have the budget, and strongly desire the maximum number of points, this package is for you. Why Choose Tutoring From PrepScholar? As I have mentioned many times before, there are many ways to study for the SAT / ACT:by yourself, with online prep, or with tutoring. I certainly believe that with the right tutor, tutoring is the most effective way to improve: anyone who has had the experience of receiving personalized 1:1 instruction from a great teacher will immediately understand why - the effectiveness of good 1:1 tutoring is bar none. However, the key phrase is choosing therighttutor. Usually, choosing the right tutor is difficult. A local high school senior who recently got a great grade himself might offer tutoring for as low as $70/hour or less. But be careful: we've all met many people who know a subject really well themselves, but have real trouble explaining the concept to others. This is due to the curse of knowledge: if you know a topic by heart already, it is very difficult to empathize with what it's like not to understand that topic. This strongly afflicts tutors without a track record, which is why we always caution against using tutors that score well themselves, but without proven experience in teaching. At PrepScholarTutors, we ensure our tutors both have a high score (by verifying directly with the testing authorities), and ensure they know how to teach. We ensure tutor quality by only taking tutors who have proven track records of improving the SAT / ACT scores of students in the past. Moreover, before hiring each tutor, we have our experts sit in on mock tutoring sessions and vet each tutor for precise skills and tactics in teaching. This way, we ensure that our tutors not only know the material, but also know how to teach the material. 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Some companies rely on lock-ins because they're not sure you'll stay for their tutoring quality alone. We are confident enough in our continued tutoring quality that we let you receive a refund at anytime for all unused costs. Finally, we still have our standard 160+ improvement (on the 3-section SAT) and 4 point improvement (on the ACT) guarantee. If you don't improve that much from real test to real test after using our tutoring program, then you get double the hours of tutoring for free. Our tutors are premium and doubling the hours isn't cheap for us, but we're so confident in our ability to raise your score that we offer the 160+ Point / 4+ Point Guarantee. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Fred Zhang About the Author Fred is co-founder of PrepScholar. He scored a perfect score on the SAT and is passionate about sharing information with aspiring students. 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Managing Corporate Finance - MBA Programme Research Paper

Managing Corporate Finance - MBA Programme - Research Paper Example With a net debt component of  £679 million in the capital base and  £700 million as equity capital the interest coverage ratio of the company was comfortably placed at 46.0 times in 1996.   However, this ratio could not be sustained for long as in the immediate year it fell to 6.7. This may be due to the additional debt of  £262 million issued by the company in 1997. But in the following two years it discharged its debts worth  £10 million and  £176 million respectively. Interestingly, even after the discharge of this debt, the interest coverage ratio declined to 6.7 times. This may be due to the influence of macroeconomic factors like increase in interest rates. The interest rates prevailing in the UK in 1996 was in the range of 6 - 6.25 %. For the most part of the year, the monetary authority kept reducing the interest rate by 0.25 percent. But thereafter the interest rates in the UK started moving upwards. It reached up to 7.25 percent by the end of 1997. This was an increase of 100 basis points over the last year. This appears to be the main reason for the high-interest amount paid by British Energy in 1997.  After this the company was running in losses till the next two years. It recorded a loss of  £4292 million in the financial year 2002-03. The Executive Chairman tried to assure the investors of the financial stability of the company but this did not pay off as in the Financial Services authority suspended the dealing of British Energy shares. This forced the company to seek government support of  £650 million.