Should Cloning Be Beneficial - 784 Words

In addition, there are individuals who approve of the idea of cloning and do not have a problem with â€Å"making life† identical to what already exists. These individuals argue that cloning can and should be used for medical purposes, and can also provide nations with accessible clones to do â€Å"dirty jobs† or participate in the military forces in order to benefit the country. Others decide that cloning is justifiable in order to replace a deceased child or pet or to even enable infertile couples to have children. While many people agree that cloning can be beneficial, I argue the idea that they may be ignoring one huge key factor – this act is a violation of nature. To be a human, one must have the qualities of a human, which include emotions and unique personal thoughts. Will a clone have their own unique distinguishable thoughts as well? The process and implementation of cloning removes our individuality and God-given abilities as humans. The idea of creati ng a completely separate entity, a living, breathing entity not created by the Creator is in my opinion, ethical injustice. The goal of cloning is to create identical genes. This method is a process of replication in genetic constitution, which results in lack of differentiation in gene diversity. Reducing the diversity of genes weakens the human population’s ability of adaptation. Cloning is also detrimental to the beauty that comes from diversity, which is truly valuable especially in a Christian perspective. God has createdShow MoreRelatedShould Cloning Be Beneficial?1076 Words   |  5 Pagesare just one of many examples† (Cloning). Cloning has a lot of controversy surrounding it. Some people believe that it shouldn’t be used in science. There are also people out there that believe it is extraordinary and should be used on a daily basis. There are many benefits to cloning, but there are also many things most people don’t know about genetic cloning, such as how it works and that it occasionally happens naturally. I will be writing about how genetic cloning works, the risks i nvolved, andRead MoreHuman And Animal Cloning : Should It Truly Beneficial?1920 Words   |  8 PagesHuman and Animal Cloning: Would it Truly be Beneficial In a generation where improving life is the main priority, the idea of cloning humans and animals in order to do just that remains extremely far-fetched, being opposed on scientific, economic, and ethical accounts. Admittedly, the idea of cloning, both animal and human, has the potential to cure diseases and create a healthier generation with a better quality of life. â€Å"Cloning technology is already here† and could â€Å"produce results that wouldRead More Clones Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthe development of technology is cloning. The word clone is used in many different contexts in biological research but in its most simple and strict sense, it refers to a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal, or human being.1 Human cloning has been a largely controversial focus in the area of cloning, mainly, the ethics of cloning. People have differed opinions about the ethics of cloning. Some people think that cloning is not morally right, cloning is erosion of respect for sexualityRead MoreThe Science Of The Human Race909 Words   |  4 Pagesare contemplating on whether we should soon advance the biology of the human race. Ever since the cloning of the first animal, a sheep named Dolly in the year 1996 the world has been afraid that animal cloning is only the beginning for they felt man was playing god. As for human cloning the public knew it would follow soon after. In this time of panic Gretchen Vogel, a journalist notes, that suddenly the public’s fears came true. In the year 1997 before any cloning laws were set a physicist, â€Å"RichardRead MoreCloning Pros And Cons Of Cloning1147 Words   |  5 Pages Cloning Pros Cons Nicole Hedrick Baker College HSC 402A /Dr. Eric Oestmann/Seminar Two Position/Argument Essayâ€Æ' Abstract A clone is where two organisms share the same exact DNA. These two organisms are the same identical replica of each other. In the past, cloning has taken place naturally. For instance, a couple who naturally conceived and gave birth to identical twins or triplets. Today, science and technology has been introduced to where cloning can intentionally be done. Some peopleRead MoreCloning, The, And False Interpretations Of Cloning1424 Words   |  6 PagesCloning, an ethical issue that has been pressed across the globe, has become a substantial debate throughout a majority of nations. The incorporation of a new type of reproduction in the United States has a plentiful amount of benefits for certain animals and objects, but duplicates of humans is hard to comprehend for many people across America. Currently, cloning is an interesting topic that could become a new way to improve reproduction of animals and humans, prevent diseases, and increase theRead MoreThe Consequences Of Cloning In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe invention of cloning, both a blessing and a curse, can possibly enable humanity to reach eternal life. An invention is the creation of a device developed after a study or an experiment, in the hopes of benefiting society. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about an inventor, Victor Frankenstein, who creates life that he later rejects. His invention results in consequences for both himself and his creation. Both cloning and the creation of the monster was made to benefit and advance society’sRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cloning724 Words   |  3 PagesNow that we are advancing in technology very rapidly, people are starting to wonder if it would be beneficial to clone humans. Some people say that you can literally save a persons life and create an exact replica of person by cloning. But some people say it’s not humane and it would be weird if there is 2 of the exact same person in the world. People are a lso concerned because nobody knows how these clones will act. We don’t know if the host will be harmed and we also don’t know if the clones willRead More Cloning Technology: With Respect to Faith and Reason Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesCloning Technology: With Respect to Faith and Reason Church VS Science The idea of sitting in an airport and seeing someone walk past that looks identical to you may seem absurd, but due to new scientific development it may not stay that way for long. In 1953 two scientists by the names of James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA.1 DNA can be defined as the makeup of chromosomes, which carry genetic information. DNA is present in nearly every living organismRead MoreThe Cloning Of The Human Body1611 Words   |  7 PagesIn my paper i m going to be talking about the importance of cloning, the basics of cloning, and some other interesting facts about cloning not just humans but some animals like Dolly the sheep.I think Cloning is going to help because it helps with cures, it gives us a new way to reproduce, and it finds ways to make the human body better. In 1997 Scottish scientists created the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly. The cloning of a mammal stimulated debate because technology used to clone a

Transgender Informative Speech - 1769 Words

On July 26, 2017, the 45th President of the United States of America delivered the following message to America via his Twitter account. â€Å"After consultation with my Generals and military experts, please be advised that the United States Government will not accept or allow Transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military. Our military must be focused on decisive and overwhelming victory, and cannot be burdened with tremendous medical costs and disruptions that transgenders in the military would entail. Thank you.† This statement left me with more of a questions than answers, and it became necessary to research the information. How does being transgender make our military forces less focused? How does being†¦show more content†¦However, what happens when the order of the President you have sworn to obey, stands in direct contradiction to the Constitution that you have sworn to support and depend? This is the question at hand for most of the s ervice members that are serving in our United States military, and this question must be answered as so many other bans that have gone before it. It must be answered based solely on the freedoms and promises engrained in our constitution. It is not the President that determines our Constitutional rights and Americans, it is the United State Constitution that sets forth the rights of its people, and these rights must not be infringed upon. These rights must be protected, defended, and upheld. After all, it is what more than 1,196,554 million American military members have given their lives in defense of, and the pillars for which our nation stands. Today, out of a nation of 320 million people, 1.3 million Americans are in active duty military, and another 1 million serve in the reserves, according to the Department of Defense. Therefore, it is hard to understand why we would ban individuals from serving, when less than one percent of our nations has answered the call defend our freedoms. However, this is not new to American, and bans have existed within our military since the beginning of our nation’s history. In 1948, President Harry Truman, lifted the ban on blacks serving in the militaryShow MoreRelatedTransgender Informative Speech1798 Words   |  8 PagesTransgender Left Out In today’s society, we are raised to be tolerant, respectful, and understanding of others. The military cultivates these beliefs through policies and education. The military would not exist without our young citizens wanting to serve their patriotic duty. There are many benefits for someone to join the military, for instance, college money, medical and dental benefits, and trade to build on, and the best retirement plan. As long as you were Medically fit, and mentally adeptRead MoreInformative Speech About Transgender1407 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Transgender individuals will be people whose sex characters don t relate to their organic sex, and along these lines they contrast from the generalization of how men and ladies ordinarily are. Transgender does exclude sexual introduction or physical sex attributes, but rather is in truth a less clinical term which relates to sex character and sex expression. Hence transgender individuals incorporate those individuals whose personality and conduct don t stick to the clichà © sexualRead MoreThe Internet Is Not The Best Place For A Woman Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesYet, due to global abuse, people are often left alone or ignored as they struggle to define themselves. As a result, Everyday Feminism hopes to put an end to this by supporting individuals and groups who share their ideas of peace. Top 10 Most Informative Feminist Sites Clapway FeminismIn addition, the site itself is an educational method for social and personal liberation. Since launching in 2012, Everyday Feminism has rapidly become one the more popular feminist sites in the world. Almost 4.5 millionRead MoreGoing Into Diversity I Wasn t For Sure How The Class Would Go1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe stereotypes and prejudices only feed racism more. The biggest culprit of spreading this or at least embedding the ideas is the media. There should be more regulation on what is being reported, but then you start to thread on our right of free speech. â€Å"Threatening† our rights as United States citizens is a whole other issue. I constantly have to remind myself that there is good and bad in every race, culture and population. I applaud Howard Schultz, in his attempt to spread the word of equalityRead MoreSocial And Cultural Diversity : Beyond Racism3572 Words   |  15 Pagesthen produces the best ther apeutic approach to achieve the best outcome. Some informative resources that some people might find regarding cultural diversity, for both the client and the counselor, can be found on the internet. For a family to discuss, especially for an African American family, but really for all people, a speech can be found at the American Rhetoric website. It is the Martin Luther King, Jr. speech delivered in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC. (Martin Luther King

Market Risk Analysis Practical Econometrics

Question: Discuss about the Market Risk Analysis for Practical Econometrics. Answer: Introduction Planet gas limited is a company listed in the Australian Stock Exchange commonly known as the ASX. As its name suggests, the company deals with gas and oil globally but its core businesses are concentrated in the United States of America and Australia. The reason for this strategy is that both countries have a rich natural resource and high affinity for gases and oil due to them being industrial countries. The areas of the project in the United States are Appalachia and New York cities while in Australia the company projects are found in South Australia a region well known as the copper basin. There are people who are the drivers of this company and help in the implementation of the companys goals and objectives (Alexander, 2008). They include the board of management for long term decision making, the chief executive officer and the chief finance officer for short term operational decisions of the company. In this paper we are going to look at the various responsibilities of a chief finance officer. Responsibilities of a CFO The chief financial officer has various functions in an organization. The chief finance officer of the company is a key figure in companys management committees and the board of directors and management (Alexander, 2008). In times of crisis of the company, the chief finance officer is responsible for all financial decisions that the company undertakes for approval by the companys board of directors. A company like planet gas limited does not only want an experienced chief finance officer but a highly trained one with professional qualifications having led other numerous companies. This is a highly prestigious position second from the chief executive officer who is the overall decision maker in the company. In most cases, the chief finance officer is the automatic successor of the chief executive officer when the company does not want to hire from outside. A chief financial officer needs a high practical guidance from both experience and professional skills acquired through learning. A finance degree is most appropriate in the chief finance officer but a masters in finance is also an added advantage : (Barnes, 2009). Professional courses in finance also are an added advantage in acquiring chief finance officer competency. Among the primary or fundamental functions of a chief financial officer of planet gas limited are; Liquidity management of the company- not only does the chief executive officer manage the companys liquidity by the bank route, that is the balances in the companys bank accounts but also evaluation of good customers where the company uses credit terms to sell. Managing to collect on time and cash flows forecasting which is a standard requirement according to the international standards of accounting (Bragg, 2003). This makes the companies to avoid deep liquidity issues that may affect the companys liquidity position. There is always sufficient liquidity that a company meets their monetary commitments. Managing the liquidity of companies, not only by the banking route, but also; evaluating good customers to whom the company sells on credit, managing to collect on time and making good cash flow forecasts to avoid falling into situations of illiquidity and generally making sure that there is always sufficient liquidity for the company meets their monetary commitments. The chief financial officer organizes the bank finances terms.Achieve bank financing on the best terms and meet the needs of the company, both in the short and medium and long term. We all know that achieving funding is not easy, at this time (Karaian, n.d.). Planet gas limited is highly liquid and requires lot of cash flows due to its operations. A gas and oil company should not have financial difficulties and should be required to make early cash flow intake in case of detected problems. A CFO will make known the cash flow requirements to the board of directors while also making it necessary to make it known of the cash flows problems in the company. The third test is judicial analysis of investments policies of the company. Judiciously analyzing the investment policy; their need, profitability and form of financing for the companys financial needs. Investment decisions are made by the companys directors with the help of technocrats like the CFO. to know the return on investments of the company in projects and the return on investors equity, the company should seek guidance from the chief finance officer of the company. Application of efficient and effective systems in cash flow creates the best strategy for the company in the future in terms of liquidity. Most businesses are used to making profits based on the economic conditions at that time; however a good chief financial officer should look for diversification processes as well as immediate plans to increase profitability. Additionally, the CFO should put in place a proper system of cost control, applying criteria of effectiveness and efficiency to bolster performances of the company. The issue is not spending, but spending just enough to generate value for the company. Spending arbitrary may not increase the chances of the company to have more profits but tends to reduce the profits in place. Decision making in companies must be based on good information that will allow proper management and the responsibility they have this good information, often rests with the figure of the CFO. The CFO is not limited to generate this information, but also must be able to make a thorough analysis of it, facilitating the work of decision-making other departments and generally throughout the company. As you can see has become a key figure increasingly respected and loved because for many reasons, the smooth running of the company depends on who can do their job very well, with good sense and professionalism (Karaian, n.d.). Controllership duties this is providing information that is financially important and relevant to Planet Gas Limited and its position in the financial markets. For the basis of effective decision making, the information should always be meaningful and practical. The mission of the CFO is to make relevant, timely, comparable and verifiable financial information for long term, short term and medium term decision making of the company. Systems establishment and upgrading of the information system that is available should be a core mandate of a serious chief executive for the purpose of making good the companys investment. Other duties include the administrative and tax matters that the company will pay to the tax man for future decision making. System of accounting establishment policies should also be inspired by the chief financial officer. Controlling of the companys working capital is also a duty of the companys chief financial officer (Robinson, 2009). Auditing of financial reports of Australian gas industry and their infrastructures are the guiding principles to strategic planning and growth for expansion. In a mission to get the best out of the industry, the Australian telecommunication industry is analyzing, the inherent risks associated with financial position of the industry. In this stage, we will find the risk assessment: performing identification, analysis and subsequent determination of their value. For a better understanding of the risks and impacts of a risk a map is drawn, with all stages of their development process is presenting the impact and frequency of risks. Ending with the most important part of the implementation as is the Risk Management Strategy and ways of monitoring the business growth. The strategy of the company is focused on customer while providing quality and innovative telecommunication. In this business strategy awareness of the risk itself, its impacts and probabilities, evaluation methods as well as those who assume its main risks and problems, the environment in which develops such as business and that is where he will focus this part of the chapter "Risks affecting businesses: affecting the telecommunication industry. Finally, from the point of view of the financial costs of companies, growth of monetary amounts to reducti on of costs and risk transfers, ie prevention measures and insurance, have become aware of the decisive influence they had in the compliance with business objectives. After deregulation of the industry, many businesses are entering the market with the aim of competing to get a share of the Company the largest in the industry by service production. The CFO of a company is responsible for a companys financial policies and the cash flow of operating, financial and investing activities especially for an oil producing company like planet gas limited (Keim and Ziemba, 2000). CFO is also involved in the companies treasury matters and he is the overseer of all matters related to treasury of the company and matters affecting the financial relationship of the company. There are people who are the drivers of this company and help in the implementation of the companys goals and objectives. They include the board of management for long term decision making, the chief executive officer and the chief finance officer for short term operational decisions of the company. In this paper we are going to look at the various responsibilities of a chief finance officer. In most cases, the chief finance officer is the automatic successor of the chief executive officer when the company does not want to hire from outside. Efficient market hypothesis It should be noted that the fact that the market collect all available information does not mean that all those involved in it are aware of everything and know how to interpret all the information and determine its consequences, but what stands out is the aggregate market behavior. Can a fund manager select a portfolio from pin? In an efficient market, no group would be at a disadvantage or advantage over others; since all have the maximum information. So the only way to make extra profits is to get information that other investors do not have, or take advantage of temporary differences that may arise between the market price of a security and its intrinsic value. Search insider information, along with the work done by analysts, speculators and arbitrageurs is precisely what leads to market efficiency; therefore, the function of these operators is essential for achieving market efficiency, being the work of the arbitrageur the most important, and as such, it is possible to consider arbitration as the cornerstone of the Efficient Market Theory. Thus, one of the curiosities notably on the efficiency of markets is the fact that, so that they behave efficiently, it is necessary that operators do not believe in market efficiency, so try to discover the existence of inefficiencies. Action that causes them disappear, pushing prices to their target value, and achieving, thus market efficiency. This has been called the "efficient market paradox". Obviously, profit in the short term for reasons of chance always be feasible; however, this theory argues for the impossibility of achieving these benefits continuously in the long run. Strong Hypothesis for fund selection Depending on the level or the strong form of efficiency, a market is efficient when its full and instantly prices reflect all available information, be it historical, public or private information. From the above statement it follows that any study method available information will achieve extraordinary returns. So, in an efficient market in its strong form, it will only be possible to "beat the market" through luck or chance. Logically, it seems impossible that the market is efficient in its strong form, since that would imply that it is a perfect market, which, as seen above, is a utopia. Resource allocation When a market is efficient, being all the information on prices, trading centers around the intrinsic value of securities, so it will not be possible to obtain extraordinary returns by agents. However, when they believe otherwise and try to seize opportunities to enrich themselves, contribute to improving market efficiency. Thus, the pursuit of maximum individual benefit, trying to detect market inefficiencies, contributes to achieving a collective benefit, to properly guide the market allocation of resources, indicating which investment decisions to be followed are the agents. Equal opportunities A fully efficient market will, among its main consequences, equal opportunities between investors, they have as much information as possible. However, as the degree of market efficiency is reduced, the greater will be the differences in opportunities between informed and uninformed; so that the goal of any investor will get information that is not other investors to achieve extraordinary returns and thus be able to beat the market. Obtaining short-term profits does not contradict the efficient market theory, because it defends the impossibility of maintaining such profits continuously in the long run. Efficient Market Theory has been the dominant paradigm in finance for many years, however, the existence of various anomalies and inconsistencies with this theory make them many scholars who defend the inefficiency of markets (Keim and Ziemba, 2000). References Alexander, C. (2008). Market Risk Analysis, 1. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Alexander, C. (2008). Market Risk Analysis, Practical Financial Econometrics. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Barnes, P. (2009). Stock market efficiency, insider dealing and market abuse. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Bragg, S. (2003). The new CFO financial leadership manual. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Executive careers in business administration. (2007). [Chicago, Ill.]: Institute for Career Research. Jones, C. (2008). The intelligent portfolio. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley Sons. Karaian, J. (n.d.). The chief financial officer. Keim, D. and Ziemba, W. (2000). Security market imperfections in worldwide equity markets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kuada, J. (2008). International market analysis. Adonis and Abbey. Mak, D. (2006). Mathematical techniques in financial market trading. Hackensack, N.J.: World Scientific. MitreÃÅ'Â ¨ga, M. (2006). Market analysis. Katowice: Publisher of the Karol Adamiecki University of Economics. Palepu, K., Healy, P. and Bernard, V. (2000). Business analysis valuation. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western College Pub. Revsine, L., Collins, D. and Johnson, W. (2005). Financial reporting and analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Robinson, T. (2009). International financial statement analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Taxation. (2000). New York: United Nations. Temin, P. (2013). The Roman market economy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab free essay sample

Molar volume is the volume that one mole of gas occupies when temperature and pressure are kept constant. The molar volume of a gas can be determined through evaluating how much gas is given off when the number of moles of the substance is known. To find the volume of gas that will be used to calculate the molar volume, the process of water displacement can be used. Reference Citation Cesa, J. (2002). ChemTopic labs: Experiments and demonstrations in chemistry (vol. 9). Batavia, Il: Flinn Scientific. Calculations (Weight of Mg ribbon used for conversion) (____ ¬.50 g ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬____) = .038 g/cm2 (Width of ribbon)(length of conversion Mg ribbon) (.3 cm x 44.15 cm) (Conversion factor)(Length of Mg ribbon)(width of Mg ribbon) = mass of Mg ribbon .038 g/cm2 (.9 cm x .3cm) = .0103 g Volume of H2 gas 11.5 mL Amount to be subtracted or removed to correct the meniscus- .2 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas 11.3 mL Corrected volume of H2 gas converted to liters 11. We will write a custom essay sample on Molar Volume of Hydrogen Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 mL (1 x 10-3 L) =.0113 L (1 mL) Temperature of water bath in K 22.1 °C + 273.15K = 295.3K Barometric Pressure minus water vapor pressure equals pressure of H2 gas 744.72 mmHg – 19.8 mmHg = 724.9 mmHg P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) Volume of H2 (g) at STP Volume of H2 gas (9.97 x 10-3 L) = 23.5 L/mol Theoretical amount of moles (4.24 x 10 -4 mol) Molar Volume Mass of Mg ribbon times molar mass equals moles of Mg .0103 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = 4.24 x 10-4 mol Mg (24.3050 g) Percent Yield (23.5 L/mol) x 100 = 105% (22.42 L/mol) Percent Yield Data Tables Data Table 1 Length of Mg Ribbon.9 cm Mass of Mg.0103 g Evidence of Chemical ReactionGas bubbles came up off of the iron cage containing the Mg ribbon Volume of H2 Gas 11.5 mL Corrected Volume of H2 Gas11.3 mL Temperature of Water Bath Before Reaction22.1 ° C Temperature of Water Bath After Reaction22.0 ° C Barometric Pressure744.72 mmHg Discussion Water displacement can be used to determine the amount of a gas that a reaction exudes. That volume can then be used to calculate the molar volume of the gas after the measured volume is corrected for differences in temperature and pressure. When a metal, acid, and water are placed into a graduated cylinder, that graduated cylinder can then be inverted into a water bath. As a reaction occurs, the gas that is produced will rise to the new â€Å"top† of the graduated cylinder. This will push some of the water out of the graduated cylinder and into the water bath. The volume of gas can be determined after the reaction has run to completion by reading the amount of space the gas has taken up and subtracting .2 mL due to the inverted meniscus. Using a copper wire, a â€Å"cage† was made around a .9 cm long piece of magnesium ribbon, which was then placed into a rubber stopper. After placing 5.0 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid into a 25 mL graduated cylinder, distilled water was layered overtop of the acid until the water was almost brimming of the edge. The rubber stopper was put into the graduated cylinder firmly, and then quickly inversed into the water bath. The formation of gas signified that a reaction was occurring. The gas was able to be collected at the top of the graduated cylinder when it was inversed due to the pressure pushing the water out of the graduated cylinder. The results were recorded before the reaction was finished due to a time constraint. The volume of hydrogen gas was 11.5 mL, and the corrected volume was 11.3 mL because of the inversed meniscus, and the temperature of the water bath after the reaction was 22.1  °C. Using this information, the theoretical amount of moles of H2 gas that was to be produced was found to be 4.24 x 10 -4 moles, which was calculated by converting our mass of Mg ribbon into moles of H2. Using the combined gas law we calculated the volume of H2 gas at STP. This then allowed us to find the molar volume of our lab by dividing the volume of H2 gas produced at STP by the theoretical amount of moles. Our molar volume was 23.5 L/ mole. We found our percent yield to be 105%, and this was calculated by dividing our lab’s molar volume by the theoretical molar volume. Since our percent yield cannot actually be 105%, one or more errors could have occurred to cause this issue. One error that could have occurred was wrapping the copper wire too tightly around the magnesium. This would cause the reaction to take much longer than if we had wrapped it more loosely. Due to time, we weren’t able to let the reaction completely finish. Although, we determined that the amount of gas that was left to be given off was much too small of an amount to make much of a difference. Another error was how our total barometric pressure was an average between the pressure reading in the hallway and the pressure reading in the room. Using an average would have caused a difference in our calculations because since the barometric pressure was not exact, any calculations involving this average would not be completely correct. Another error could have been if we missed a spot of oxidation on our magnesium ribbon, which then could have caused a new substance to be introduced to the reaction. This error could have caused the molar volume of hydrogen to be lower than what was to be expected because part of the Mg would have already reacted. Even if we did clean off all of the visible oxidation, this metal would have started oxidizing again immediately. One last error was if we had allowed air to get into the graduated cylinder. This could have caused a bubble to form, which would have made our measured volume too high. Pre-Lab Questions: 1. Vapor pressure of water at 22.0 °C = 19.8 mmHg Mg (s) + HCl (aq) → H2 (g) 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K Ptotal = P(g) + P(H2) 746 mmHg = P(g) + 19.8 mmHg 726 mmHg = P(g) 2. P1V1T2= P2V2T1 22.0 °C + 273.2 K = 295.2 K 31.0 mL (1x 10 -3 L) = .0310 L ( 1 mL ) (726 mmHg)(.031 L)(273.15 K) = .0274 L (760 mmHg )(295.2 K) 3. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Mg = 24.3050 g/mol 0.028 g Mg ( 1 mol ) = .0012 mol Mg (24.3050 g) 4. Corrected volume of H2 = .0274 L = 22.8 L/mol Theoretical # of moles of H2 .0012 mol Post-Lab Questions 1..0103 g Mg (1 mol Mg) (1 mol H2) = 4.24 x 10 -4 mol H2 (24.3050 g) (1 mol Mg) The theoretical number of moles of hydrogen gas produced in Trial 1 was 4.24 x 10 -4 moles. 2. 744.72 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .97989 atm (760 mmHg) 19.8 mmHg ( 1 atm ) = .0261 atm (760 mmHg) Ptotal = P(H20) + P(H2) .97989 atm = (.0261 atm) + P(H2) P(H2) = .9538 atm The partial pressure of hydrogen gas that was produced was .9538 atm. 3. P1V1T2 = V2 (724.9 mmHg)(.0113 L)(273.15 K) = 9.97 x 10-3 L P2T1 (760 mmHg)(295.3 K) 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) = 9.97 mL (1 x 10-3 L) The hydrogen gas would occupy 9.97 x 10-3 L or 9.97 mL 4. 9.97 mL H2 gas ( 1 x 10 -3) = 9.97 x 10-3 L ( 1 mL ) Molar Volume = (Volume of H2) (9.97 x 10-3 L H2 ) = 23.5 L / mol (Theoretical # of moles H2) (4.24 x 10-4 mol H2) The molar volume is 23.5 L/ mol. 5. Percent error = |Experimental value – Literature value| x 100 Literature value Percent error = |23.5 L – 22.42 L| x 100 = 4.82% 22.42 L The percent error was 4.82% 6. 1 mol of H2 (g) (2.02 g ) (1 mol) = .0860 g/L Molar volume (1 mol ) (23.5 L ) The experimental value for the hydrogen gas was 0.860 g/L while the literature value was .0899 g/L. 7. A bubble of air in the graduated cylinder would have caused the measured volume of hydrogen gas to be too high. This would have happened because of the appearance of more hydrogen gas when the volume was read initially. 8. The error of oxidation would have caused the measured volume to be lower than it should have been due to the introduction of an extra substance (the oxidation) being added to the reaction because part of the Mg would have already reacted with the oxidation. 9. Buret mL converted to L 50. mL (1 x 10 -3L ) = .050 L ( 1 mL ) Temperature of water bath from  °C to K 22.1 °C + 273.2K = 295.3K n= PV RT n= (744.72 mmHg) (.050L) = 2.0 x 10 -3 mol (62.4 L mmHg/mol K)( 295.3K) Converting mol of Mg to mass 2.0 x 10 -3 mol Mg ( 24.3050g) = .049 g Mg ( 1 mol ) Converting mass of Mg to length .049 g Mg (44.15 cm) = 4.3 cm ( .50 g ) The maximum length of Mg ribbon that should be used is 4.3 cm.